What anatomical structure produces sound and is typically longer and thicker in men?

The anatomical structure that produces sound and is typically longer and thicker in men is the vocal cords, also known as vocal folds. The vocal cords are located within the larynx and vibrate as air passes through them during phonation, which is the process of generating sound. The characteristics of the vocal cords, including their length and thickness, influence the pitch of the sound produced. In general, males have longer and thicker vocal cords due to the influence of testosterone during puberty, resulting in a deeper voice. This physiological difference is a notable aspect of human anatomy and contributes to the distinct vocal quality between sexes.

The other anatomical structures listed do not produce sound. The thyroid cartilage is a component of the larynx, often associated with the Adam's apple, and primarily provides structural support. The epiglottis serves as a flap that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway. The cricoid cartilage is another element of the laryngeal structure that provides support and is inferior to the thyroid cartilage but does not play a direct role in sound production. Thus, the vocal cords are the only option that correctly fulfills the requirements of both sound production and size variation between sexes.