Which hormone is NOT associated with raising bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) levels?

The hormone associated with raising bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) levels primarily includes substances that promote glycolysis and enhance oxygen delivery from hemoglobin to tissues. BPG is an intermediary molecule in the glycolytic pathway and plays an important role in regulating hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

Testosterone is known to influence metabolic processes and energy utilization, which can lead to increases in BPG levels. Growth hormone also promotes metabolic processes and can stimulate the production of BPG to facilitate oxygen delivery during physical exertion. Epinephrine, a key hormone involved in the fight-or-flight response, enhances glycolytic activity, which can further increase BPG levels to support rapid energy production.

In contrast, insulin primarily functions to lower blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells and storing it as glycogen. While it plays a crucial role in metabolism and energy storage, it does not have a direct stimulating effect on BPG levels. Therefore, insulin is the hormone not associated with raising BPG levels in the context of metabolic and glycolytic activity.