Which of the following can result from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a progressive decline in lung function. One of the primary impacts of COPD is a decrease in lung capacity due to the obstruction of airflow and the destruction of lung tissue, particularly in conditions such as emphysema. This results in a reduced ability to expel air from the lungs, leading to hyperinflation and the consequent overall decrease in both vital capacity and functional residual capacity.

In addition to decreased lung capacity, COPD can lead to other complications, such as increased difficulty in breathing and reduced efficiency in gas exchange, which may manifest as symptoms like chronic cough and sputum production. The general nature of COPD and its impact on lung structure and function makes the reduction in lung capacity a core characteristic of the disease.